ARENAL

Historical Background Before 1968, this Volcano was considered to be just a, mountain. It was known as Arenal Mountain. It started its active period on July 29, 1968 opening three craters on the west side. Crater A, at 1000 meters, provoked a pyroclastic explosion (burning cloud), which destroyed the villages of Pueblo Nuevo and Tabacón, devasted 12 square kilometers, and killed approximately 87 persons. In September 1968 it began to expel lava through Crater A which was active till 1973. Crater C (at 1450m) started right there, and it is still active, expelling lava permanently, with a balsatic-andesita composition, explosions of pyroclastic material and the constant emission of gas. Location The Volcán Arenal National Park is on the northwestern region of Costa Rica, between the Tilaran Mountain Range and the San Carlos Planes. It is part of the Arenal Conservation Area (ACA) called “the Energetic Heart of Costa Rica”. ACA is one of the eleven conservation areas of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) and the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE). Flora and Fauna The Volcán Arenal National Park is a living laboratory because of its geologic and geomorphologic richness and its complex biological processes development, that forms from folk vegetation to a primary forest. It holds a variety of flora and fauna in its four life zones:Very Humid Tropical Forest (transition),Mountain Rainy Forest, Low Mountain Rainy Forest (transition),Premountain Very Humid Forest (transition) Main Flora: The most conspicuous species are: Guayabo de Monte, Cebo, Ceiba, Cirri, Laurel, Higuerones, Pilón, Guarumo, Balsa, different species of palms, heliconias, orquids, ferns and bromeliads including the endemic species: Pitcaimia Funkiae Main fauna: paca, danta or tapir, deer, jaguar, peccary, coatimundi, monkeys (howler, spider and white-faced), variety of snakes. Birds like: parrots, sargentos, oropéndolas, urraca parda, humming birds, bell bird and quetzal Conquer species You can observe different evoluting stages of the soil and the vegetation in the Volcan Arenal National Park; here are conquer plans like the orquids Epidendrum. Main attractions Observatory at the volcano slope - Arenal impounding - Chato Mountain - Natural Trails: Heliconias, Las Coladas, El Pilón, Los Tucanes, La Peninsula - Visitors Center: auditorium, souvenir store, display rooms, La Peninsula observatory.

BARRA HONDA

Barra Honda National Park was created on the 20th of August 1974, publicized on the 3rd of September by Law 5558, Official Journal #165, with an extension of 2295 her. With a wide system of caves, this National Park represents thousands of years of geological history. The caves are independent from each other and contain formations of stalactites and stalagmites. This Park actually takes into account a covering of “charrales” and “tacotales” (approximately 330 ha., with ages between 3 and 10 years), secondary deciduous forest (about 1405 her, 100 years the oldest ages) and 290 ha. of evergreen forest. Here it is possible to observe a variety of fauna, especially birds like tufted magpie (Colocita formosa), paloma collajera (Columba fascnata) and paloma coliblanca (Lepotila verreauxi). Also, there are coatimundies, raccoons, agouties, white-tailed deer and anteaters. It is also possible to notice a increase of the animal population (during the last years)) due to the programs of Fire Control and Protection. General data Visiting hours: 8am -l 4pm for normal visits, 7am - 1pm to visit the caves Location Barra Honda National Park is located in the province of Guanacaste in Tempisque Conservation Area, specifically in the canton of Nicoya, 22 km northeast from the city of Nicoya. Average annual precipitation: 1970 millimeters - Average temperature: 28?C - Life Zones: Dry Tropical Forest, transition to Rain Forest. Attractions There is a net of calcareous caves which have been explored up to 50% by scientists and speleologists. They have explored about 19 caves which present great attractions and subterranean beauty, with capricious forms created by the action of water on the calcium carbonate. Actually, only the Terciopelo cave is open for public use, because it is the only one that presents appropriated conditions for non experienced visitors. This cave is ideal for adventure tourism. Barra Honda National Park holds a Dry Tropical Forest, which you can enjoy, specially in the dry season. In addition, there are spectacular places (look outs) with marvelous scenes and beautiful waterfalls, that make this Park a surprising place. Services and Facilities - Camping area - Equipment for speleologists - Guide service – Lodging – Food - Parking lot - Tourist information - Drinkable Water - Public telephone 3 km away - Radio communication.

BARRA DEL COLORADO

Barra del Colorado was created on July 26. 1985. It is located in the north Caribbean zone, next to the border to Nicaragua. It has 50 kilometers of coast and 78977 hectares of channels., rivers, lagoons, fluvial islands, swamps, “yolillales” and hills (old volcanic cones). All these places have heights lower than 230 meters. Flora and fauna The flora of the region is one of the most diverse in Costa Rica. There are more than 58 specie of endemic plants in the area of Cocori and Coronel Hills. An interesting aspect is the abundance of diversity of palms, that embraces all the known species in La Selva (OET - Tropical Studies Organization) and five more. Three of these species have not been described yet. The refuge has a very wide vegetation surface (more than 80%) divided in three kinds: Yolillal, Gamalotal, and Flooded Forest which can be defined as a hydric association where the soil is flooded all year. This area is the home of manatee or “sea cow”, crocodiles, caymans, “Gaspar” fish and numerous shoals of “Sabalo” fish. It is also the habitat of animals such as tapir, jaguar, puma, yaguarundi, howler and white-faced monkeys, ocelot and three-toad sloth. Besides you can enjoy the following activities on site: Sport Fishing: the region has won its international reputation of world premium class site for sports fishing, from numerous records registered in its waters. You can practice your favorite styles: from fly to casting and trolling, to catch a wide variety of fish. We invite you to balt the hook in these tranquil waters chosen by the Silver King tarpon to execute its acrobatic jumps. Remark: Fishing with a line is authorized within the whole area under the condition of carrying a license. The document can be obtained at the park rangers stations. Cerro Tortuguero: with 119 meters above sea level, it counts with a trail that can be traveled through 45 minutes due to the rough terrain. The highest part is used as a vantage point where you can have a nice view of the area in all its majesty. During the walk it is possible to find poisonous red back frogs (Dendrobates pumilio). Cano Palma: this is a narrow channel that takes you to the biological station dedicated to research and to several private properties under the forestral regulations. Enjoy discovering the job that researchers carry out in this station. Next to the refuge you can find the towns of Colorado and Tortuguero. In these places you can observe and get to know the characteristic features of the Caribbean culture. There you can find facilities and services you need, such as food, lodging and guides and public telephone, among others.

BARBILLA

The territory occupied by Barbilla National Park was declared as a Biological Reserve on March 16th 1982, some years later as a Protective Zone and recently (January 1998) as a national Park. The main objective for being declared as a National Park was to offer protection to a wide area of pristine Tropical Humid Forest, in which is possible to find a great diversity of species of flora and fauna, many of which are endangered. Beside the area also presents a high production of water, which is vital for the supply of drinkable water for local communities. Barbilla Nationl Park is also very important for its historical value, since there is an important Cabecar indigenous population around it. Access The access way to the park is the road to Limon City. The main entrance in 3 kilometers (4.8 miles) from Squirres City. By this entrance, you drive 17 km. (11 miles) by a graveled road (4WD only) and reach the village named Las Brisas de Pacuarito. Here you will find the headquarters of the Park, where information is available. Hiking trails can be found from this place on. If you are planning to hike the trails by yourself we recommend you to get a local guide since it is a more than 2 hours walk through steep hills (suitable for experienced hiker) and there is no signing at all. Natural richness The park is covered by pristine forest, with Life Zones within Humid and Very Humid Tropical Forest. Height ranks are between 110 and 1617 m above sea level, where Cerro Tigre is located. Rainfall average is between 3500 and 4500 mm per year (137-177 inches). These conditions help the establishment of a great variety of flora and fauna. Many of this species are scarce or endangered such as: puma (Felis concolor), jaguar (Felis onca), ocelot (Felis pardalis), tapir (Tapirus bairdii), tayra (Eira barbara), otter (Lutra longicaudus), great tinamu (Tinamu mayor), crested guan (Penelope purpurascens), American Swallo-tailed kite (Elanoides forficatus) sunbitten (Eurypyga helias) and white- fronted nunbird (Monasa morphoeus). Interesting sites - Rio Dantas (Tapir River) - Sector Dos Ramas (Two Branches Sector) - Laguna Ayil (Ayil Lagoon) - Cerro Tigre (Tiger Hill) Facilities At this moment the Park does not count with infrastructure or services for visitors. For the second semester of 1999 a Biological Station and a Visitors Information Center will be opened for the enjoyment of visitors and researchers.

BAHIA JUNQUILLAL

General information The property known as Junquillal was donated in 1988 by the Compañía Ranchos Horizontes, with the purpose of preserving it as a part of the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) or Guanacaste Conservation Area. This area, currently a Wildlife Refuge, has 505 hectares, in which one meets cultural and ecological aspects. Furthermore, there is a beautiful 2 km long beach. Location The Refuge is located 46 kilometers north from the city of Liberia. Take the Carretera Interamericana (Inter-American Highway) as far as the check point of the Civil Police, turn left and continue 10 kilometers as far as the community of Cuanjiniquil; from this community 4 kilometers more and you will reach the beach. Flora The vegetation is characterized by secondary grow and remaining trees of the original dry forest. In the beach there are found Wild Bromeliads (Aechmea magdallenae), Manzanillo de playa (Hippomane mancilnella), Frijol de playa (Canavalin maritima) and Mostrenco trees (Prosopis juliflora).As part of the secondary forests there are other species of trees like Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), Cenizari (Samanea saman), Brazil (Ematoxyllum brasiletto) and Madero Negro (Gliricidia sepium). The mangrove (Conocarpus erecta) and Black mangrove (Avicenia germinans, A. bicolor). Fauna In this small refuge it is possible to observe mammals such as coatis (Nasua narica), raccoons (Procyon lotor), white- faced monkeys (Cebus capucinus), spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and the white- tailed deers (Odocoileus virginianus). Furthermore, Ctenosars or garrobos (Ctenosaura similis) and several species of lizards, as well as two common species of crabs (Gerarcinus cuadratus and Cardisoma crassum). Common birds are the Orange-fronted Parakeet (Aratinga canicularis), Yellow-napped Parrot (Amazon auropalliata), White-throated Magpie Jay (Calocitta formosa), as well as several species of kites and hawks. During the rainy season it is possible to observe the Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja). This portion of coast protects Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) and the Magnificent Frigate bird (Fregata magnificens). Interest data Rainfall: 150 mm annual average - Temperature: 29?C annual average. - Altitude: 10 meters above sea level. Facilities - Information - Camping area - Picnic area - Drinking water - Public telephone - Grills - Restrooms and bathrooms - Talks (mainly during Eastern and December) Main Attraction - Trails – Mangroves - View points - Junquillal Beach - Muñecos Island

BRAULIO CARRILLO

Braulio Carrillo National Park was established on April 15, 1978. It is the most extensive of the Nationals Parks in the central part of the country with 47582 ha., and it is administrated as part of the Cordillera Volcanica Central Conservation Area. It is of considerable importance for the protection of hydraulic resources, since many of the streams that provide water to the Central Valley originate within the boundaries of the park. Braulio Carrillo includes Barva Volcano as well as cerros Cacho Negro and Zurquí, among others. All are volcanic origin. There are two park station: Quebrada Gonzales, along the Braulio Carrillo highway,, and Volcán Barva, 4 km from Sacramento, near Barva in Heredia. Flora and Fauna In general the National Park is covered with evergreen forest of great density and botanical complexity. The better part is primary forest, which contains about 6000 species of plants, half the total for the country. “Manu” (Caryocar costaricensis), “caoba” (Swietenia macrophylla), “roble” (Quercus costaricensis), “caobilla” (Carapa guianensis) and “gavilan” (Pentaciethra macroloba) are fairly common. Other trees include “botarrama” (Vochysia ferruginea), “ceiba” (Ceiba pentandra), “yos” (Sapium pittieri), “lorito”(Weinmannia pinnata) and “ojoche”(Brosimum costaricanum). Several species in danger of extinction are present in the park, including “nazareno”(Peltogyne purpurea), “jicaro”(Crescentia alata), “palmito dulce”, and “surtuba” (Geonoma binervia). On the higher parts of Barva volcano, the flora includes species like “ciprecill” (Escallonia poasana), “candelillo” (Magnolia poasana) and the “roblee blanco” (Quercus sp.). The park supports a great diversity of animal and bird life. The avifauna includes more than 500 species including resident and migratory species. Some species that can be observed include King vulture (Sarcoramphus ppa), Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata), Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) and Black-faced Solitaire (Myadestes melanops). Mammals include White-faced (Cebus capuchinus), Mantled Howler (Alouatta palliata), and Spider (Ateles geoffroyi) monkeys, Baird’s Tapir (Tapirus bairdii), Puma (Felis concolor), Jaguar (Panthera onca), Collared Peccary (Tayassu pecari), Tamandua Anteater Peccary (Tamandua tetradactyla), Red Brocket Deer (Mazama americana) and Coyote (Canis latrans). Quebrada Gonzalez sector The Quebrada Gonzalez sector is located 2 km east of the Sucio river bridge on the Guápiles highway, at an elevation of 500 meters. The area has a very rainy climate and is characterized by an evergreen rain forest that makes it an excellent area to study and observe plants and animals. A good trail goes from the station into the forest. The nearby Sucio river is a dominant feature; its waters carry volcanic minerals, producing the characteristic color. Volcán Barva sector This area is made up of a volcanic massif about 100 square kilometers in size. Currently there are only a few gas vents and thermal springs, though some writers tell of an eruption in 1772. There are several lakes of volcanic origin, the most attractive of which is the Laguna Barva at 70 meters in diameter and 8,6 meters in depth, with an average temperature of 11 degrees, surrounded by an exuberant cloud forest. Also accessible is the Laguna Copey, 40 meters across and with similar water temperatures.

CABO BLANCO

Location The Cabo Blanco Absolute Nature Reserve is located on the southernmost tip of the Nicoya Peninsula, in the province of Puntarenas. It consists of 1272 hectares of land and 1700 hectares of sea (one kilometer marine reserve all around the coast) and Cabo Blanco Island. Flora In all , about 140 species of trees have been identified within the reserve. Some of these are evergreen (never losing their leaves) and characteristic of the humid rain forest. Most common among the evergreen you will find the “espavel” (Anacardium excelsum), the “sonzapote” (Licania platypus), “ojoche” (Brosimun sp) and the “guacimo colorado” (Luclea seemanii). Other species are deciduous (losing their leaves in the dry season) typical in a dry forest. Prominent among the deciduous trees are the “madrono” (Calycophyllum candidissimum), the “jobo” (Spondias mombin), the “indio desnudo” (Bursera simaruba), the “guarumo” (Cecropia sp), the “chaperno” (Lonchocarpus sp), “flor blanca” (Plumeria rubra) and the “pochote” (Bombacopsis quinatum). Fauna The mammals in the Reserve vary considerably and you may see the Variegated Squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides), the White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the Howler Monkey (Alloutta palliata), the White-faced Monkey (Cebus capuchinus), the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica), the Agouti (Dasyprocta puntatta), the coyote (Canis latrans) and the Margay (Felis wiedii). There are large populations of seabirds - the Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), the Magnificient Frigate Bird (Fregata magnificens) and the Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster). Marine fauna consists of high population of fish, crabs and mollusks such as the Chiton (Chiton stokesii) and the Conch (Strombus galeatus). Isla Cabo Blanco This island is a huge rock that rises from the sea. It is located 1600 m from the southern most tip of the peninsula. This rocky spire has a whitish color due to the white guano deposits of the many seabirds that inhabit the island. However, in the last few winters it has taken on a green color because of the plant life carried by the birds, the wind and the sea. Many frigate birds and the largest colony of brown boobies in the country, among others, are the main residents on the island. Services and facilities Parking - Visitors Center: personalized service, attention, orientation, information and displays and restrooms. - Two trails - Lunch area - Resting area - Lookout point - Beach with showers, drinking water and historical site.

CAHUITA

General information Cahuita National Park was set aside in 1970 as a National Monument by Decree No. 1236-A. On April 27, 1978 it became a National Park by Executive Decree No. 8986-A. The park involves 1067.9 hectares of continental area, 600 hectares of coral reefs area and 22400 hectares of marine area. It protects one of the most important reefs of the country and the most developed reef of the Caribbean Coast. Within the park, there are also important sections of wetlands and swamps, mostly dominated by the “yolillo” palm and the “sangrillo” trees. The golden sand beaches that border the coastal area of the park are extraordinary beautiful. Did you know that The word Cahuita comes from the two words “kawe” that means “sangrillo” and “ta” which means “point”: “sangrillo point”. Cahuitas first settlers were fishermen from the Caribbean Islands. They owned the land of what today is the National Park. The Puerto Vargas sector used to have a pier which was built in 1921 in order to transport people and merchandise (mainly timber) to Limon. In 1930 the Municipality of Limon built another pier close to the Perezoso River for transporting agricultural products to Limon. The Cahuita National Park won the award “Bandera Azul (1996). In Puerto Vargas and Playa Blanca sectors. What can you do at Cahuita National Park? There are many activities you can enjoy at the Park such as: - More than 50 camping areas - Swimming - snorkeling - tanning - surfing - beach sports - jogging - fishing What kind of animals can you find Howler Monkeys, White-faced Monkeys, Sloths, Squirrels, Coatimundis, Hummingbirds, Toucans, Herons, Hawks and thousands of insects What can you see at the coral reef? You can find 35 species of coral, being the most common ones: Agaricia agaricites, Sideastrea radians and Porites porites. More than 300 species of mollusks, lobsters, three species of turtles and thousands of colorful fish such as: the French Angel, Isabelita and Queen Angel fish. According to the Environmental Organic Law, where it stipulates that civil society must be incorporated in the planning and development of Cahuita National Park, the Cahuita National Park Management Committee was created as a body by executive decree, to share the decision-making process with the State and civil society, and have a series of functions besides regulating the services and activities developed within this protected wildlife area.

CARARA

Was created in April 27, 1978 and measures at the present 5242 ha (about 12952 acres). It was part of a huge Hacienda El Coyolar, one of the biggest ever in Costa Rica, where the last significant stand of primary forests of its kind has been preserved. The reserve is located 90 km (60 miles), from San Jose, on the right side of “Grande de Tarcoles” river, following the coastal highway. It takes about 2 hours to get there from San Jose. Carara is a transitional zone from the dry North Coast of Costa Rica, to the very humid coast of the Southeast in fact, Carara is the only piece of land along the Central Pacific Area of Costa Rica. Flora and fauna Carara the evergreens complexity and beauty, however Carara has three life zones; can be distinguished at the Reserve and they are the tropical humid forest that covers 20% transition from pre-montane tropical and premontane rain forest, 15% and montane rain forest that extends over 5% of the area. Carara has the ten finest hardwood and softwood of Costa Rica and they are: caoba (Swietenia macrophyla), cedro amargo (Cedrela mexicana), cenizaro (Pithecolobium saman), cocobolo (Podocarpus sp), guapino (Hymenane courbaril), guayacan (Tabebuia chrysantha) nazareno (Peltogyne purpurea) and roble sabana (Tabebuia pentaphyla). Some of the rarest and most spectacular animals of tropical America are also here; scarlet macaw (Ara macao), american crocodile (Crocodylus acutus), great anteater (Mymecophaga tridactyla), ocelot (Fellis pardalis), Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), great curassow (Crax rubra), fiery-billed aracari (Petroglossus frantzii), and black and green poison arrow frog (Dentrobates aurates). These species are in danger of extinction, with reduced populations. Archaeology Carara Biological Reserve has numerous archaeological sites of precolonial times. Studies undertaken indicate 15 sites that correspond to different periods of occupation: The Pavas Phase (300 BC to 300 AD) and Cartago Phase (800 to 1500 AD); with agriculture as the basis of subsistence. Some sites from the second period stand out: Carara with a rectangular foundation of 4x6, built with river stones and limestone and Lomas de Entierro, an extensive village with habitational and funeral zones at the top of hilly terrain facing “Grande de Tarcoles” river. The later was one of the main pre-colonial settlements in Costa Rica and its political economical influence extended over the lower river area. Some interesting data Mean annual temperature: 27?C (78?F) - Mean annual precipitation: 2800 mm (1002 inches) – Dryest months: March and April - Tarcoles 2 km - Jaco 17 km - Orotina 25 km

CHIRRIPO

Importance One of the most interesting geomorphologic features found in Chirripo are the various shaped glacial forms, moraines, glacial terraces, U-shaped valleys, glacial lakes and circles as a heritage of he glacial activity dating back 25000 years. This park has the highest mountain in the country, the Chirripo, which reaches 3820 meters (12530 feet) above sea level. According to the stories of the indigenous peoples of the area, in 1904, Father Augustin Blessing, a missionary became the first “white person” to conquer the peak. After that there were formal expeditions in 1905, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1932 and 1942. Since then, trips have become more frequent. Atmospheric conditions in the park are extremely variable, unpredictable and depend on altitude. The highest altitudes are hit by strong winds, freezing temperatures, frequent showers and dramatic changes in temperature. In fact, Chirripo has had the coldest temperature recorded in the country: -9?C (16?F). Flora and fauna Near 3400 meters (11152 feet) above sea level, there is a high barren plateau in which the vegetation grows thick. There are no trees taller than 4 meters (13 feet)) and at times the underbrush becomes very dense. One of the most common species found here is chusquea or “canuela batamba”. Another life zone is the cloud forest which is humid and cold. Here there are oaks which reach a height of 50 meters (164 feet) evergreen shrubs with coriaceus leaves and small acornlike fruits. The most common oak is the Quercus costarricensis. This forest is characterized by many tree-sized fern, mosses, bromelias, palms and orchids distributed in different altitudes. Among the animals that live there one can find peccaries, tapirs, hares, coyotes, toads, frogs and a huge variety of birds including jilgueros, hummingbirds, flycatchers, trepadores, reinitas escarcheras and the stunning, metallic-green quetzal. This brilliant colored bird feeds on a plant of the avocado family, worms, insects and small reptiles and amphibians. The highest part of the park contains five areas of incredible beauty and geological and ecological importance: Sabana de Los Leones (the Lion’s Savannah); Cerro Chirripo (Chirripo Mountain), Valle de Los Lagos (Valley of the Lakes); Valle de Los Conejos (Valley of the Rabbits); Valle de Las Morenas (Valley of the Moraines). Chirripo Lake is located in Valle de Los Lagos. On the bottom of this lake there are sediments which carbon contents date to 4000 BC. These sediments show evidence of ancient forest fires, perhaps started by natural causes, like lighting or perhaps by human activities. We have records of recent forest fires in 1953, 1958, 1976,1977, 1981 and 1992. The park protects the upper basin of the Pacific Chirripo River which flows into the great basin of the Terraba River and protects the upper basin of Chirripo Atlantic River. The protection of these watersheds areas with their infinite network of creeks and springs ensures the availability of clean water downstream: high quality water equally suited for domestic, agricultural, industrial, recreational and hydroelectric use. How to get there One can access the park through San Gerardo de Rivas, where the administration office is located. San Gerardo is about 20 km (12,5 miles) from San Isidro de El General. From there you have two choices: you can enter the park taking the traditional 14 km (9 miles) trail, or at the town of Herradura, (on the road to Uran) you can hire a local guide to accompany you on a different, recently opened trail.

CORCOVADO

Corcovado National Park protects the last portion of Tropical Humid Forest of the Mesoamerican Pacific. Due to its geographical location, climate, soil conditions and topography this area is home to an amazing diversity of biological species. Blessed with such richness, the area has awakened great interest among Costa Rican and foreign scientists and its resources are continuously being investigated. The genetically potential found in the living forms that find refuge in Corcovado could be of invaluable benefit to agriculture, medicine and other equally important fields that seek the well being of humanity. History and culture Before the Spanish conquest, the region was inhabited by indigenous groups who probably settled there due to the abundance of wildlife. Arqueologists believe the area is important because of the information that could be discovered about the relationship these people maintained with Nature and the manner in which they made use of their resources. These expectations are based on evidence found to date even though the area has been virtually unexplored. Until 1978 there was no access by land to the Peninsula and the population in the region was very sparse, In 1975 when Corcovado National Park was created the 300 farmers who lived in the area were compensated for their land and relocated in other areas. Since then the park has been destined exclusively to conservation goals, scientific investigation, environmental education and the type of tourism suitable to a National Park. Flora and fauna Corcovado is made up of a unique combination of terrestrial and marine ecosystems which interact in harmony and whose origins science has yet to fully understand. The area as a whole possesses thousands of species of flora, many only found in this area and others which have disappeared from other regions. We can cite the case of the “ajo” (Caryocar costarricense), the “ojoche” (Brosimun costaricanum) and the caracolito cedar (Ruptiliocarpon caracolito). This last tree discovered in November 1993 constitutes a new specie and gender establishing a new botanical family for the neotropic region. Corcovados diverse fauna is remarkable; many of the species of this region are in danger of extinction, despite the large numbers still found in the region. The red macaw or “Guacamaya” and the crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) confirm this fact. Just as in the case of the caracolito tree, in the future, studies could reveal the existence of other unknown species, which if it were not for the conservation of the park, would be lost forever without ever having been described. Services Visiting Corcovado provides an experience in a primitive area that lacks the usual commodities of tourist sites. Nature trails, drinking water, camping areas, information Access Corcovado is located 368 km from San Jose, following the Pan American Highway south, taking the detour toward Puerto Jimenez at the community of Chacarita. It is also possible to enter by boat from Sierpe, located 15 km from Palmar de Osa.

GANDOCA-MANZANILLO

Introduction Gandoca - Manzanillo is a mixed National Wildlife Refuge. The most important ecosystems within the Refuge are the wetlands: swamps, lagoons, flooded forests, the reef and marine plant and alga floors. It protects the habitat of endangered species such as manatee or seacow (Trichechus manatus) and marine turtles such as leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea), loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), which nest on the costs of the Refuge. Also, it gives shelter to mammals and birds. South of Punta Mona there is the only cativo (Prioria copaifera) forest left on the South Caribe of the country. Conservation and sustained management of these ecosystems, with the participation of the local communities is the main objective for the activities of this Refuge. Location Gandoca - Manzanillo is located on the Southeast Caribbean coast, between the mouths of Cocles and Sixaola rivers, in the province of Limon, canton of Talamanca, district of Sixaola. Life Zone Within the Refuge there is only one Life Zone: Humid Tropical Forest - Highest Altitudes: 185 meters above sea level on Cerros de Manzanillo Ways of access The Refuge is located 203 kilometers from San Jose and 71 kilometers from Limon. Gandoca Sector is 95 kilometers from Limon, by the Bri Bri - Sixaola road. Flora and fauna In Gandoca Manzanillo marine and terrestrial environments provide a very diverse habitat, which allows the permanence of fringing, patch, barrier reef. Wetlands are conformed mainly by golillo palm trees (Raphia taedigera), mangroves, cativo trees and herbaceous swamps. Alluvial forests in drained terrains and forests on hills hold species such as golillo palm trees, ‘orey’, ‘cativo’, sangrillo’, caobilla’ and several species of mangrove. Herbaceous swamps are formed by species such as ‘uña de gato’ (cat claw), ‘varilla negra’ (black stick) and floating vegetation. Hillside forests contain enormous trees of ‘almendro de montana’, ‘cerillo’, ‘caobilla’, ‘cativo’ and ‘sangrillo’. The coral reef and marine plant and alga floors provide shelter and food to species such as manatee and the thorny lobster. Other protected species are crocodiles, caimans, otters, peccaries, pacas, spider monkeys, curre toucans, parrots and great curassows. Activities allowed inside the Refuge While you are inside the Refuge you can enjoy: - Guided tours for observing the leatherback turtle nesting, between February and May - Observation of dolphins - Diving at the reef sector - Hiking through the forest - Horseback riding - Kayak on sea, rivers etc – Surfing – Caves – Sailing - Bird watching - Enjoying the sun, sea and beach. Along the Sector Punta Cocles - Manzanillo there are from hostels to hotels with swimming pool and conditioned air

GUAYABO

Guayabo National Monument was established on August 13, 1973 to protect and conserve one of the most important archeological sites in the country. It is located on the slopes of the Volcan Turrialba, 19 km northeast of the city of the same name and forms part of the Cordillera Volcanica Central Conservation Area. Archeology Due to its location and terrain, Costa Rica contributed greatly to the pre-Colombian diversity of the Americas. Recent research has rendered obsolete the old Spanish-era classification of Chorotegas, Bruncas and Huetares; now other groups are recognized such as the Malekus, Terrabas, Cotos, Corobicies and Suerres, all of which lived at the same time. Guayabo is part of the cultural region called the Central Zone, which stretched from Alajuela (in Costa Rica) to Colombia, Venezuela and northern Ecuador. The site was occupied from about 1000 BC to 1400 AD. Principal finds The archeological site covers 15 to 20 Ha. of which only a small part (4 ha.) has been excavated. Structures indicating a high level of development have been found here. Some of the more obvious structures of the site include: Monticulos: Generally circular dwelling foundations of various sizes. They range from 50 cm to 4.5 meters high and from 2 to 30 meters in diameter. Calzadas: “Roads” of stone used as paths and as part of the drainage system. There are several calzadas that go off for several kilometers in different direction from the main site. Staircases: Stone structures that connect various levels. Aqueducts: Canals, both open and covered that drain rainwater to particular areas. Storage Tanks: Rectangular stone structures that were used to store water brought in by the aqueducts. Tombs: Graves have bee found in various parts of the site. All found so far have been looted by grave robbers. Petroglyphs and large engraved stones are the most abundant art forms present. They are found throughout the site and contain designs and symbols that are still not deciphered. As of 1995 62 stones with engraving had been found; one of the best known is the so-called “Jaguar and Alligator Monolith”. Several sculptures have also been found, along with a fragment of a ceremonial wood staff, which was found in a water tank. From these finds, archeologists infer that the pre-Colombian city was inhabited by specialists is specific fields, under the command of both a chief or a shaman who exercised political and religious power over a large area. The reason for the abandonment of the city remains unknown, as it occurred before the Spanish conquest. Some hypotheses include epidemic, famine or war. Flora and fauna The vegetation of the area around the archeological site is mostly secondary Pre-Montane Rain Forest, with dense, evergreen foliage. The common trees are: caragra, magnolia, cantarillo, higueron, quizarra, burio and cedro maria, all covered with bromeliads and orchids. Among the fauna there are birds like toucans, oropendolas, woodpeckers and chachalacas; and mammals including armadillos, rabbits, squirrels and coatis. There are also plenty of snakes, frogs, lizard and butterflies.

HITOY CERERE

Hitoy Cerere Biological Reserve was created on Aril 27th, 1978 by Executive Decree No. 8351-A, and confirmed by Law No. 6794 on December 27th 1992. The extension of this area is 9949,83 hectares and it is located in the valleys of the rivers Estrella and Telire, on the Talamanca Mountain Range, 67,5 km (42.2 miles) from Limon. It is surrounded by the indigenous reserves of Tayni, Telire and Talamanca. Hitoy Cerere is one of the protected wilderness areas that belong to La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area, assigned to the Biosphere Reserve, which was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993. It holds the Life Zones known as Very Humid Tropical Forest and Premountain Pluvial Forest. The rivers Hitoy (which in Cabecar language means “stones covered with moss” and Cerere (“clear”) flows through the reserve. Flora and fauna The reserve protects about 40 specie of mammals, including some endangered ones or with seriously threatened population, such as ocelot, silky anteater, tapir and peccary. Among with species that are easier to observe we find pacas, agoutis, rabbits, white-faced monkeys, raccoons, coatis and squirrels. There are more than 2300 species of birds, some of them with reduced populations such as the Great Black-Hawk. Along trails and rivers is quite easy to find the Long-tailed Tyrant, oropendoals, kingfisher, Scarlet-rumped Tanagers and toucans. Between September and December it is possible to observe a good number of migratory species. Frogs and toads are particularly attractive, especially the Dendrobates species, which includes the poisonous dart frog, with bright colors that allow its observation during the day. Other frequent species are chirbalas, gallegos, cherepos and different species of snakes. Here are known about 30 species of amphibians as well as 30 of reptiles. Within the invertebrates, there is a rich variety which is just being studied in Hitoy Cerere. Leaf-cut, army and bullet ants, bright-colored butterflies (such as the ones of the genus Morpho), huge dragonflies, metal-colored bees and beetles are just some of the insects which, together with spiders, seem to occupy every corner of the forest. Here it is possible to find vegetal species that have a very restricted distribution. Among them there are: Ticodendron incognitum and Herpetecanthus stenophyllus. Other species share the canopy of the forest: espaveles, javillos, ojoches, aguacatillos and guayabones. In undisturbed areas the forest ground is dominated by palms and for some other small plants such as zamias. Thick lianas hang from the trees like swings. About 380 species of plants are known, but this number grows up day by day. Access Take the road to Limon, turn at Penshurt crossroads. This road will take you to La Guaria, Pandora and finally to Finca 12, Valle La Estrella. From there turn to the south in the way to Finca 16 and then to the west. The administration building of the reserve Is located 5 kilometers after Finca Cartagena, following a graveled road. If you are traveling by public bus, you must take the bus to Valle La Estrella (in Limon) or the direct service at Gran Terminal del Caribe (in San Jose). Get off the bus at Finca 12 and then take a cab to the Reserve.

ISLA DE COCO

Isla del Coco (Cocos Island)) is located in the Pacific Ocean, 535 kilometers southwest of Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica, between 5? 30’00’’ and 5? 34’00’’ north latitude and between 87? 1’00’’ and 87? 6’00’’ west longitude. This national park was established on June 22, 1978 through Executive Decree No. 8748-A, and was declared a Humanity Heritage Site (by UNESCO) on December 4, 1997 and a Ramsar Site in May of 1998. Flora and fauna An evergreen, dense forest covers the rugged terrain of the island, which is frequently cloudy and lashed by heavy rains. Scientists have identified 235 species of plants (10 terrestrial vascular species that are endemic; 48 non- vascullar; an orchid and 17 endemic ferns) and 90 fungus species. The predominate tree species in the island include the copey (Clusia rosea) and three endemic species: huriki (Sacaglottis holdridgen), guarumo (Cecropia pittieri) and a palm (Rooseveltia frankliana). Also known are 362 species of insects (64 endemic); 5 species of reptiles (2 endemic terrestrial spedcies: the Cocos Island anole (Norops townsendi) and the Cocos Island Gecko (Sphaerodactylus pacificus) and 3 species of turtles; 97 species of birds (12 resident, 3 endangered and 3 endemic); 60 species of arthropods (57 species of crustaceans and 3 species of spiders); 5100 species of sea mollusks; 32 species of corals (Aanthozoa), the most abundant being Porites lobata; and more than 250 species of fishes (5 fresh water ones, 3 of them endemic). Of the fishes, there is an abundance of white-tipped sharks (Trigenodon obesus), the gigantic hammerheads (Sphyna lewini), yellow fin tuna, parrot fish, mantas (Manta birostris) and horse mackerel, among others. Among the birds the endemic stand out: the Cocos Island flycatcher (Nesotriccus ridwayi), the Cocos Island cuckoo (Coccyzus ferrugineus), the Cocos Island finch (Pinaloloxias inornata). In the forest, it is usual so see the Holy Spirit dove (Gygis alba), a white bird that visits the island to nest and that stands out because it hovers over visitors heads. There are 100 species of mammals: 5 marine and five land ones. The latter were introduced and have lived on the island for over 200 years: the wild hog (Sus scrofa), goat (Capra hircus), white-taileddeer (Odocoileus virgianianus), the rat (Ratus ratus) and the house cat (Felis catus). Services and facilities - Information provided by the personnel – Trails – Showers - Potable water - Places that afford a superb view of the area - Diving sites - Radio communication system - Satellite telephone - Camping not allowed - Fishing not allowed

LA AMISTAD

Access to Altamira Station Altamira Station is on the border of P.I.L.A. between 1400 and 1500 meters above sea level. According to political division, Altamira Station is located in Bioleydistrict, Buenos Aires county, province of Puntarenas. How to get there? It takes about 3 hours from San Jose (the capital) to San Isidro de El General. From here you go south for 3-4 hours until you get to Paso Real. Once you are there turn left, cross the bridge over Terraba river, drive 15 kilometers and once again turn left in a small town called Las Tablas. There is a gravel road from there to the station. We recommend to drive a 4-wheel drive car. Valle del Silencio Trail This trail has a camping area. Its longitude is 200 km, and takes about 6 hours hiking. The trail goes across a cloud forest where the visitor can observe oak trees, quetzals, excellent landscape views, ferns, moss. Altamira-Sabanas Esperanza Trail You can either walk or ride a horse. The trail takes you to a natural savanna at a maximal altitude of 108 meters above sea level. Many local towns can be observed from this point. One historic attraction of this trail is the fact that there is an indigenous cemetery where there are rests of tombs, most of them damaged by the action of vandalism. Live oak and cedar are the most predominant forest species; while white tail deer, wild pigs, coati mundi, spider monkeys, woodpeckers and quetzals may be seen in a special day. Gigantes del Bosque Trail (Giants of the forest) Its name in English means “The giants of the Forest” and it is due to the presence of up to 40-meter-tall trees. It is an 3 hour hiking trail over 3 km distance. Its lowest altitude is 1300 meters above sea level and goes up to 1500 meters above sea level. There are two observatories in this trail: the first one is a bird watching observatory tower, located at the boarder of a primary forest. The other observatory is located at the border of the park, allowing the visitor to take a look at the rural landscape: agriculture, livestock and human settlements. How to get to Altamira Station By car: you take the Carretera Internacional Sur from San Jose, you go to San Isidro de Ell General (134 km) keep going south to Buenos Aires (67 km), follow the main road to the intersection in Paso Real (about 30 km), turn left, pass the bridge over the Terraba River and drive for 15 km until you get to Las Tablas town. Then turn left and you will drive on a gravel road. We recommend to drive a 4x4 wheel drive car. If you are driving from Manuel Antonio, Quepos, Jacó or any other surrounding area, take the road between Dominical and Quepos (43 km). As soon as you get to the Dominical intersection, turn left and drive to San Isidro de El General (about 28 km). Then follow the directions above. By bus there are 3 options: 1. Take the Tracopa bus to San Vito de Coto Brus and ask the bus driver to stop in a small town called Las Tablas. There take a small bus to Altamira. 2. Take the Musoc bus (at the Coca-Cola Bus station in San Jose). This bus leaves you in San Isidro de El General. Once you are there take the Gafeso Bus that goes to Buenos Aires. Then look for the bus station and take the small bus that goes to Altamira. 3. If you are in Manuel Antonio, Quepos or any other surrounding area go to the Quepos bus station and take the bus to San Isidro. Once you are there follow step #2.

MANUEL ANTONIO

Manuel Antonio National Park is a small biological oasis weighted down under the pressure of many conflicting local enterprises such as: agriculture, livestock and a highly developed tourism. This national park contains some of the most beautiful scenery in the country. This humid tropical forest is home to many species of flora and fauna that are in danger of extinction. At one tie, much of this area was logged using a system called selective extraction to cut high quality lumber without clear cutting. Now these areas of the forest are in a regeneration process. Flora and fauna Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio is situated in a Humid Tropical Forest life zone. It protects primary and secondary forests, mangroves, beach vegetation and marine resources. The most characteristic species of flora in the primary forest are the “guacimo colorado”, bully tree, cedar, locust “sura”, black locust, a tree in danger of extinction, cow tree, “madrono”, “cenizaro” and silk cotton tree. The mangrove swamp which covers 18 hectares (44.5 acres) is composed of three species: red mangrove, buttonwood mangrove and white mangrove. The beach vegetation consists mainly of manzanillo, which produces a milky extract, latex and poisonous berries; almond, tree mayflower and coconut. Within the wildlife, some of the most common but impressive species are the raccoon, white-nosed coaties, agouties, the two-toad sloth, white-faced capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys (a subspecies of the park, which is in danger of extinction due to the destruction of its habitat and its exploitation as mascot). In this area you can also observe birds such as the “tucancillo” (Fiery-billed Aracari), Brown Pelican, Laughing Falcon, Black-collared Hawk, Green Kingfisher and the Northern Jacana, Iguanas, snakes and thousands of insects also abound. Outstanding sights In addition to he flora and fauna, one of the main features of this area is the overwhelming beauty of he following attractions.: Playa Espadilla Sur: Extends between the northern limit of the park and Punta Catedral (Cathedral Point). During low tide it has a long wide beach, great for strolling or sunbathing. And although the surf can be quite strong it poses no real danger to swimmers. Playa Escondida: Is a small beach that can be found south of the administration buildings. Because one has to wade through some areas bounded by steep cliffs, accessibility to the beach depends on the tides. Please inquire with the park guards as to when and whether you should enter. Playa Catedral: Is an interesting geological phenomena. It once was an island and with the accumulation of sediments over time, it united with the continental landmass forming a sandy strip called a “tombolo”. The interior boasts primary and secondary-growth forest and excellent lookout points from which to view the various islands off the coast, Playa Blanca (White Beach), and the exquisite turquoise sea.

RINCÓN DE LA VIEJA

Geology Approximately 600,000 years old, the massive Rincón de la Vieja volcano is a complex geological structure, consisting of at least nine volcanic cones. The rim of the most active crater is at 1806 meters; its sides are nearly verticals and are barren of vegetation. Santa Maria crater is the highest at 1916 meters. It is presently inactive and has some vegetative cover. Along the south side of the volcano there is a zone where hot springs, mud pots, and steam and sulfur vents are found. It is said that Rincón de la Vieja once served as a natural lighthouse for sailors of the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Reliable reports from 1851 tell of eruptions of smoke and ash; sporadic eruptions of steam and ash were again observed between 1860 and 1863. During the present century, occasional eruptions of gases, ash and mud mixed with steam were noted from 1966 to the 1970’s. During 1983-1984 the activity affected an area 2 km to the south and to the east of the active crater. The most recent eruptions, in 1991, 1995 and again in 1997, caused some damage to settlements on the Atlantic slope. Hydrology Mighty Rincón de la Vieja stands astride the continental divide, separating Atlantic from Pacific watersheds I the northwest zone of the country. Its height and location make it a veritable “water factory” one which has been lending service for many years to the province of Guanacaste. Here are forever protected important watersheds that supply drinking water to the provincial capital, the city of Liberia. In total , thirty two rivers are born on Rincóns flanks; among them the Colorado, Blanco and Ahogados Rivers. Additionally, there are sixteen intermittent creeks, that flow only during the rainy season. Many of these streams are tributaries of the Tempisque River, the largest river in the province of Guanacaste. Flora and fauna Due to the range of altitudes, rainfall and ages of volcanic ash fields, there is a good variety of vegetative formations on Rincóns slopes and craters. On the highest forested slopes the trees become dwarfed, gnarred and covered with moss mats, which provided arboreal soil for orchids and other epiphytes. Rincon is also a protected refuge of a large population of the lovely national flower of Costa Rica, the Guaria Morada orchid (Cattleya skinerii). Representative trees include Laurel (Cordia alliodora), Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), Cedro Amargo (Cedrela odorata), the Naked Indian Tree (Bursera simarouba), and the Copey (Clusia sp.). Common mammals include collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), agoutis (Dasyprocta puntacta), tayras (Eira barbara), ninebanded armadello (Dassypus novecintus), white--faced monkeys (Cebus capuccinus), howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and spider monkeys (Ateles gefroyi). The mountain is home to about three hundred bird species, including the Crested Guan (Penelope purpurascens), Blue-crowned Motmot (Momotus momotta), Mountain Robin (Myadestens melanops) and the Emerald Toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus). Access Las Pailas Sector is located about 25 km northeast of Liberia. Travel north ion the Interamerican Highway, 5 km from Liberia to the community of Guadalupe, then take the gravel road to the east for 20 km. Santa Maria Sector begins about 25 km from barrio La Victoria in the town of Liberia. Keep on the road to the community of Colonia Blanca and then turn left. A for-wheel drive vehicle is recommended for these rough roads.

SANTA ROSA

General information Santa Rosa National Park is located 35 km north of Liberia. Seven kilometers from the entrance are located the Casona Santa Rosa Historical Museum, camping area and the administration of Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG), where information of other protected sectors can be asked. The Casona of Santa Rosa was created as National Monument by law on June 27th, 1966. On March 20th, 1971 was declared as National Park together with the land near by. In 1980 it was widened with the Murciellago sector by Executive Decree. Murcielago sector is located at 9 km from Cuajiniquil (60 km north of Liberia on the Interamerican road). Santa Rosa is one of the protected areas within the ACG along with Guanacaste and Rincón de la Vieja National Nationals Parks, Horizontes Forestry Station and Junquillal Wildlife Refuge. Witness of our history The Hacienda of Santa Rosa is registered in the pages of our country history from XIX century. The 20th of March 1856 the most important battle against American invaders called filibusters, took place. It also has been of other historical battles. Flora and fauna Santa Rosa preserves the most important portion of Dry Forest protected in Central America. High temperature, long dry season and trees that lose their leaves characterize this forest, that looks totally different during the rainy season. Common species of trees are the Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), Pochote (Bombacopsis quinata), Guapinol (Hymenaea courbaril), the Naked Indian tree (Bursera simaruba) and the Caoba (Swietenia macrophylla). In the coasts mangrove are well represented with species like the Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), as well as other typical species of the Pacific slope of Costa Rica. In Santa Rosa are found 115 species of mammals; among them the White Tail Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Howler Monkey (Cebus capucinus), as well as Coatis (Nasua narica) can be seen. The common bird is the White-throated Magpie Jay (Calocitta formosa). Representative reptiles are the Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus), and the Ctenoaur or Garrobo (Ctenosaura similis). Beaches Naranjo Beach (located 12 km away of the administration area) is surrounded by mangrove and with great beauty. There are two ways to access the beach on defined paths: in four wheel drive during the dry season and hiking during the rainy season. In the same direction of Naranjo Beach (17 km from the administration area) it is found Nancite Beach, one of the most important nesting sites for Olive Ridley Turtle on the Pacific coast of Central America. Due to the ecological characteristics the access to Nancite is restricted. Other beautiful beaches are located in Murcielago sector, White Beach (17 km from the camping area), Santa Elena Bay and El Hachal Bay (5 km from the camping area)

TAPANTÍ

Tapanti National Park formerly known before as Tapanti National Wildlife Refuge was established on April 23, 1992. It forms part of La Amistad (Friendship) Conservation Area and is one of the most diverse areas of Costa Rica. General Information The park covers 6080 hectares (15057 acres) and is located in the Orosi district, in Paraiso of Cartago. It is mostly surrounded by the Rio Macho Forest Reserve. The Nationals Parks altitude ranges from 1220-2560 meters (4002-8397 feet) above sea level. Tapanti has four different life zones: Premountain Pluvial Forest, Premountain Forest, Low Mountain Pluvial Forest, Mountain Pluvial Forest. Tapanti National Park is notable for being one of the rainiest areas of Costa Rica. The rainiest month is October. The area is bisected by the Grande de Orosi River into which many smaller rivers and creeks empty their waters. This vital liquid is used to generate hydroelectric power and to supply drinkable water to a great part of the population of the San Jose Metropolitan Area by the Orosi aqueduct. Flora and fauna Around 45 species of mammals live in the park. Among them, some are in danger of extinction such as tapir, paca, Brocket deer, cotton tail rabbit, kinkajou, racoon, coatimundi, white face monkey, agouti and wild cats like ocelot, jaguarundi and margay. The park is home to 260 species of birds such as quetzals, hawks, falcons, black guan, scoly robin, tinamou, tanagers, pigeons, doves, oropendola, golden oriole, among others. Many lizards, basilisks and snakes such as the picadois viper, eyelash-viper, jumping viper and side stripes palm-pit viper can be found. In total there are some 28 different species of reptiles. As well there are 28 species of amphibians including salamanders, frogs and toads. Insects are abundant and there are many species that have not yet been identified. Butterflies of brilliant colors flap their wings through the rich vegetation. Among the moths found there, the Thysania agripina is the largest found within North and South America. There are also numerous examples of bees, wasps and crickets. The rich abundance of vegetation includes different species of bromelias, ferns, epiphytes, palms, moss, orchids, heliconias. In order to have an idea how and biodiverse are these kinds of forests, one hectare could contain from 80 to 160 tree species. Some interesting data The average annual temperature is 20?C (68?F) - The average annual rainfall is 6500 mm (255.5 inches) How to get there By car: Take the road to the city of Cartago. Continue toward Paraiso, Orosi, Rio Macho and Tapanti. The road is passable through the year and is adequate for any vehicle. By bus: first, head to Cartago. There catch the bus to Orosi, Rio Macho (on the south side of the runs of the church of Cartago). This bus drops you off about 9 km (5.6 miles) from the park entrance. From here, you have to walk this distance. By taxi: from Orosi to Tapanti. There is a very good taxi service.

TORTUGUERO

This wildlife area was created in 1975. It is located in the Costa Rican Caribbean region, 800 km north from Limon City. One of the main reasons of its creation (promoted by the herpetologist Archie Carr II), was the protection of the Green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Tortuguero is the most important nesting area in the Occidental Caribbean region. Besides, this area is a very important zone because of its remnants of Tropical Rain Forest that just 500 years ago covered all the Northeastern area of Costa Rica. Flora and fauna In Tortuguero there Is a very high biodiversity. We can find more than 400 species of trees and even 2200 species of other kinds of plants. This is due to the variety of environments the park presents, such as: The typical coast vegetation of the Caribbean zone with species such as “uva de playa” and “icaco”. The coco palm, a typical species from the South of India , is also common. Behind the coast sand strip, the forest grows on flooded or swampy lands. There, it is common to find trees such as “sangrillo”, “cativo”, “gavilan” and “poponjoche”. In easily flooded zones grows the yolillo palm. In places with deeper water floating vegetation can be found, for example the aquatic iris and the aquatic ferns. In areas as high as 311 meters above sea level (such as Lomas de Sierpe), the Tropical Rain Forest grows majestically. The average precipitation is around 5000 mm/year. This forest has an extraordinary diversity of flora. Among the most characteristic trees, the tourist can observe pilon, canfin and jicaro de montana. In this park there is also an enormous diversity of fauna that includes endangered species of mammals such as jaguar, ocelot, manatee, tayra, sloth, three species of monkeys and tapir (the biggest animal of the American tropical forest). This area contains approximately 50% of the birds and reptiles species of Costa Rica. The 405 bird species present in the region overcomes those of the entire European Union. This diversity is repeated in relation to the amphibians and reptiles, fish and insects. One of the main attractions of the park is the sea turtle nesting. Tortuguero is the place where the four turtle species of the Caribbean Sea come to nest. These species are the giant Leatherback turtle, the Green turtle (2nd in size and the most abundant in the park) the Hawksbill turtle (brown color) and the Loggerhead turtle (the smallest in size and threatened around the world due to the value of its shell to make art crafts). Interesting Data In the park there are several information stations where our staff will be delighted to help you. Moreover there are natural trails, waterways and beaches where you can find direct contact with nature. Next to the park you can find the communities of Parismina and Tortuguero. In these places you can observe and get to know the characteristic features of the Caribbean culture. There you can find facilities and services you need, such as food, lodging, guides and phone , among others.

VOLCÁN IRAZÚ

Volcán Irazu National Park forms part of the Cordillera Volcanica Central Conservation Area, assigned to the Ministry of the Environment and Energy. It is located in the Canton of Oreamuno, 32 km northwest of Cartago. It was declared a national park in June 1955 as part of the original law forming the Costa Rican Tourism Institute. The park is an area of interest to students and scientists for its geology, to its neighbors who depend on its water resources and as a tourist attraction. The origin of the name Irazu comes from an Indian village on the slopes of the volcano that was called “Iztaru”, meaning “mountain of quakes and thunder”. Over the years this was modified to Irazu. The mountain is also known by the name “Santa Barbara Mortal de la Naturaleza”. Geology The Irazu massif is classified technically as a stratovolcano, which means that it is formed of different layers of volcanic material, and has an irregular semi-conical shape. It is made up of five craters: the Main crater, the Diego de la Haya crater, the Playa Hermosa crater, the Laguna crater and the Pyroclastic crater. Irazu is an active volcano with fumaroles that erupt with pyroclastic flows and ash, accompanied by relatively light tremors. General information Volcan Irazu National Park has an area of 2000,37 ha. The temperature varies from -3?C to 17?C. April to December is the rainy season, with an average precipitation of 2158 mm. Irazu is the highest volcano in Costa Rica, with an elevation of 3432 meters. You may observe three of the craters, including the Main crater which is 1050 meters in diameter and 300 meters deep, and has a sulfurous green lake at the bottom. The Diego de la Haya crater is 690 meter in diameter and 80 meter deep. The Playa Hermosa crater is a large ashy beach that at one time was an active crater. Its plant life is gradually regenerating, making it a good place to observe the birdlife of the park. Flora and fauna Due to the altitude, agricultural practices in the past and volcanic activity, wildlife in the area isn’t very abundant. Most of the forest in the park is on the Caribbean side of the volcano. Around the craters one can observe a low scrub, dominated by species like “arrayanes” (Pernetia cortacea and Vaccinium consanguineun)), the “sombrilla de pobre” or “poor man’s umbrella” (Gunnera insignis) and the “papelillo” (Senecto oerstedianus), which has colorful yellow flowers. The majority of these high-elevation plants have specialized characteristics to the size and thickness of their leaves, which are generally small, thick and hard. These adaptations allow them to tolerate strong winds and sudden changes of temperature. Some plants also have reddish substances in their leaves and branches that help protect them from the effects of the intense solar radiation. In other parts of the park trees such as oaks (Quercus sp.) and “madrono” (Weinmania pinnata) can be seen, often covered with epiphytes. Some of these are parasitic like “matapalo” (Psittacanthus schiedanus), which has orange inflorescence that can be seen from a great distance. Larger animals are scarce, though there are coyotes (Canis latrans), Brazilian rabbit (Silvilagus brasiliensis), red-tailed squirrel (Sciurus granatensis) and Mexican Hairy Porcupine (Coendou mexicanus). Birds are more numerous, and the more common species around the craters include the Volcano Junco (Junco volcanis) and Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicavorus), while Clay-colored Thrush (Turdus grayi) and Black-faced Solitaire (Myadestes melanops) inhabit the forests.

VOLCÁN POÁS

This National Park was founded in January 25, 1971 and expanded to its present size of 6506 ha. in 1993. Volcan Poás receives the largest number of visitors of any park in the country. The spectacle of the main crater, the Laguna Botos, developed nature trails and a great natural diversity make this park the jewel of the system. It is covered by forests with a great quantity of epiphytes and tree ferns, along with the “sombrilla de pobre” (Gunnera insignis). The park also is an important source of energy from hydroelectric and geothermal generation. Geology Poas is a volcano with a semi-conical form, with multiple calderas in its top. At the bottom of the crater there is a lake that is full of sulfur and acids; as it gets dry sulfur emissions increase producing acid rain. North of the active crater, the Von Frantzius cone is the oldest eruptive center at the top of the massif. On the southeast side, lies another collapsed cone, filled by rainwater to form the Laguna Botos. The activity of Volcán Poás, although consistent, is characterized by the variety and peculiarity of its manifestations that include escaping gas. Flora and fauna The Life Zones represented in the park are Montane Rainforest and Very Humid Low Montane Forest There are four principal habitats. Cloud Forest surrounds Laguna Botos and the back part of he Potrero Grande; here the predominant species are “apayillo”, “azahar de monte”, “roble” and two species of “ciprecillo”. On the edges of the Caribbean side, the forest is taller and very wet, with numerous palms, tree ferns and epiphytes. Elfin Forest is found along the trail from the Main Crater to the Laguna Botos; the main species are “azahar de monte”, “tucuico” and “copey”. “Arrayanes” are predominant near the overlook to the crater and on the first stretch of the nature trail to Laguna Botos. In a few areas near the crater there is little vegetation except for a few tolerant colonists like bracken ferns. Although larger animals are scarce, the avifauna is diverse and abundant. A total of 79 species of birds have been identified, including various hummingbirds, Black Guan, Resplendent, Quetzal, Rufous-collared Sparrow, Sooty Thrush, Emerald Toucanet, Large-footed Finch and Yellow-thighed Finch. Few mammals are likely to be seen, though weasels, rabbits, squirrels and coyotes are present, along with frogs, toads, salamanders, snakes and insects. General interest information Maximum height:2708 meters, Main Crater:Diameter 1320 meters , Depth 300 meters Laguna Botos:Diameter 400 meters, Temperature 10-14° C. Visiting hours: May-November:8:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. December-April: 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

RECOMMENDATIONS

- National Nationals Parks were created to preserve natural and cultural resources; the removal of any animal, plant, rock or other item from the area is not permitted - If you need help or information, ask the park staff. They will be glad to help. - If you are near the Volcano Craters and feel any symptoms of exposure to the gases like coughing, nausea or irritation in your eyes or respiratory tract, leave the area as a precaution. - Help keep the park clean. Deposit trash in its respective bin (cans and glass, plastic, organic). - All living things, plants and animals, share the planet with you. Let them be. - In case of an eruption, leave the area as quickly as possible and follow the instructions of the park rangers. - The National Park has a set of regulations concerning public use. Respect them. - Don’t drink water without consulting the park staff. - For your own safety don’t descend to the craters; their walls are unstable due to the activity of the volcano. - Please remind the guide not to abuse of speed. The noise that outboard engines make scare animals away, cause erosion and break the equilibrium and tranquility of nature. - All the protected wildlife areas of Costa Rica have legal regulations about the activities of the visitors and the protection of the resources. Ask the guides about this. - It is forbidden to feed the animals. Feeding animal favors their aggressive tendencies and make the dependent up to the point that they stop looking for their food and die. - All living beings share this planet with you. Respect their lives. - For your own security, please stay in the trails. Protect the banners and any other sign you find. - Sounds of nature are unique. Keep silence, avoid noisy activities when sailing or hiking in the forest. Don’t disturb the environment. - Denounce any anomaly about guides services in the administration office of the park. You are the only one who can help us to detect the weaknesses in the service we offer to help us improve it! Despite of its biological diversity, many animals living in Costa Rica are hard to observe because of their migratory or reproductive habitats, because they are nocturnal or because the forest is too dense to see them clearly. Move quietly and sharpen your observation skills in order to better appreciate the richness of the area..